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Minuscule 1739: An Important Acts and Epistles Witness is a distinct physical witness to the material transmission and reception of Scripture, identified by its own shelfmark, date, contents, and custodial history.
Papyrus P29, P.Oxy. XIII 1597, is an early-third-century Greek fragment preserving Acts 26:7–8 and 26:20. Now Bodleian MS. Gr. bib. g. 4 (P), it witnesses two separated moments in Paul's defense before Agrippa: Israel's hope in God's promise and Paul's call to repent and turn to God.
Papyrus P91 joins fragments in Milan and Sydney from a third-century Greek codex of Acts, preserving parts of Peter's Pentecost address and the community narrative in Acts 2:30–37 and 2:46–3:2.
Uncial 049: Acts and Epistles at Great Lavra is the independently registered Greek New Testament witness GA 049, controlled by its manuscript number, present shelfmark, physical form, and surviving biblical contents.
Uncial 097: Acts beneath a Georgian Palimpsest is a separately registered physical witness to the copying and reception of Acts 13:39–46, identified by its own GA number, shelfmark, date, layout, and custodial history.
Papyrus P8 is an early fourth-century two-leaf codex fragment in Berlin preserving Acts 4:31-6:15, including communal sharing, Ananias and Sapphira, and the appointment of the Seven.
Papyrus P112, P.Oxy. LXVI 4496, is a fifth-century Greek papyrus codex fragment from Oxyrhynchus preserving Acts 26:31–32 and 27:6–7, from the governors' verdict on Paul to the opening stages of his difficult voyage toward Rome.
P.Oxy. LXXIV 4968, Gregory-Aland P127, comprises remains of eight fifth-century papyrus leaves of Acts and preserves a distinctive text often compared with Codex Bezae.
Michigan Papyrus 1571, or P38, is a three-piece leaf from about AD 300 preserving Acts 18:27–19:6 and 19:12–16 in a distinctive text closely related at points to Codex Bezae.
Papyrus P48, PSI X 1165 in Florence, is an early-third-century Greek codex fragment preserving Acts 23:11–17 and 23:25–29, from Paul's night vision through the plot and Claudius Lysias's letter.
Papyrus P53, University of Michigan Inv. 6652, comprises two third-century Greek codex leaves preserving Matthew 26:29–40 and Acts 9:33–10:1, an unusually early physical witness to both a Gospel and Acts in the same scribal hand.
P56, Vienna Pap. G. 19918 and 19927, is a fifth- or sixth-century Greek papyrus codex fragment preserving Acts 1:1, 4–5, 7, and 10–11, including the ascension commission and promise of Jesus' return.
Codex Glazier is a remarkably intact late-fourth- or fifth-century parchment book of Acts 1:1–15:3 in Middle Egyptian Coptic, retaining early binding structures and a full-page cross image.
One Greek parchment leaf containing Acts 5:3-21, held by the Berlin State Museums. A very early direct witness to Acts 5 and to the physical transition from papyrus to parchment codices in Christian book production.
Papyrus P33 is a sixth-century Greek papyrus witness to Acts 7:6–10, 13–18 and 15:21–24, 26–32. Four Vienna fragments once divided between P33 and P58 are now catalogued as one manuscript, making this record both evidence for Acts' transmission and a case study in correcting legacy manuscript identities.
Gregory-Aland P41 is an eighth-century bilingual papyrus codex in Vienna whose eleven fragments preserve Greek and Sahidic Coptic portions of Acts 17–22.
Papyrus Bodmer XVII, Gregory-Aland P74, is a seventh-century Greek papyrus codex preserving almost all of Acts and important fragments of James, Peter, John, and Jude.
Uncial 0166: Acts and James on Opposite Sides of One Fragment is a separately registered physical witness to the copying and reception of Acts 28:30–31; James 1:11–11, identified by its own GA number, shelfmark, date, layout, and custodial history.
Uncial 0244: Acts from the Khirbet Mird Manuscripts is the independently registered Greek New Testament witness GA 0244, controlled by its manuscript number, present shelfmark, physical form, and surviving biblical contents.
Codex Mosquensis I (GA 018) is a 9th century Greek parchment codex preserving Acts, the Catholic Epistles, and Paul’s letters with commentary.
A papyrus copy of Claudius' AD 41 letter confronts Greek-Jewish violence in Alexandria and reveals how the emperor negotiated citizenship, communal privilege, migration, and public order.
Ephesus preserves the vast theater named in Acts 19 and the excavated Artemision whose cult, civic prestige, and economy explain why challenges to Artemis devotion could provoke public alarm.
Ephesus's inscriptions independently attest Asiarchs and the city's prized neokoros, or temple-warden, status, confirming Acts 19's precise civic vocabulary without identifying Paul's unnamed friends or the town clerk.
Uncial 0142: A Complete Apostolos with Commentary is a separately registered physical witness to the copying and reception of Acts 18:24–28; Romans 8:31–39; James 1:1–18, identified by its own GA number, shelfmark, date, layout, and custodial history.
Agrippa II's bronze coinage names the client king, dates his long reign, and pairs his authority with Roman emperors, materially illuminating the ruler before whom Acts places Paul's defense.
Codex Bezae is an exceptional Greek-Latin Gospel and Acts manuscript around AD 400 whose striking readings, facing-page bilingual design, corrections, and damaged leaves document a distinctive stream of early Christian textual transmission.
Two surviving Greek inscriptions preserve the Temple boundary warning that foreigners must not pass the balustrade around the sanctuary. They make the accusation against Paul in Acts 21 concrete, while leaving Roman enforcement and any link to Ephesians 2 open to interpretation.
Fragments of an imperial letter from Delphi name Gallio as proconsul of Achaia. Because Claudius's titulature dates the letter closely, the inscription supplies the strongest external chronological anchor for Paul's Corinthian ministry in Acts 18 without mentioning Paul or the hearing itself.
Philippi's forum, monumental civic core, and judicial installations reveal the colonial setting in which Acts places Paul and Silas before magistrates, although the surviving bema cannot be identified as the exact platform used in their hearing.
A second-century marble block from Thessalonica's Vardar Gate lists six officials called politarchs, confirming that the rare title used in Acts 17 belonged to the city's real civic vocabulary.
A large underground Jewish cemetery in Rome with inscriptions, menorahs, and communal burial evidence. Materially documents the established Jewish communities of Rome that form the social background to Acts 28 and Paul's letter to Roman believers.
Letters and contracts from fifth-century BC Elephantine document Judean soldiers, families, and a sacrificial temple of YHW in Egypt, revealing a diverse diaspora community that cannot be measured only against Jerusalem’s ideals.
Assyrian annals, palace reliefs, and destruction evidence document Sennacherib's 701 BC invasion of Judah from the conqueror's side, naming Hezekiah, depicting Lachish's fall, and describing Jerusalem blockaded but not captured.
More than two hundred cuneiform contracts associated with Yāhūdu, ‘Judah-town,’ trace Judean deportees and their descendants through land tenure, taxes, debts, marriage, inheritance, and imperial service in sixth- and fifth-century BC Babylonia.
Dated Nabataean silver and bronze issues name and portray Aretas IV, securely establishing the long-reigning king whom Paul names while leaving the scope of his ethnarch's authority in Damascus unresolved.
A first-century Jerusalem tomb produced a bilingual ossuary naming Alexander and Simon with a debated Cyrenian designation, an intriguing parallel to Mark 15:21 that documents a Diaspora family but cannot establish identity with Simon of Cyrene's son.
Augustus's victory city in Epirus preserves the urban scale, roads, harbor setting, monuments, and early Christian landscape of the Nicopolis most often linked to Titus 3:12—an identification historically plausible but not archaeologically proved.
An ornate limestone ossuary from an excavated first-century Jerusalem tomb bears a debated inscription commonly read 'Joseph son of Qafa.' Its date, elite setting, and name make a Caiaphas family connection plausible, but no priestly title proves it held the Gospel high priest.
A long Roman civic hall near Ephesus's harbor was repeatedly transformed into a cathedral, baptistery complex, and smaller church, preserving the city's late-antique Christian prominence while leaving the exact meeting place of the Council of Ephesus debated.
Codex Angelicus (GA 020) is a distinct physical witness to the material transmission and reception of Scripture, identified by its own shelfmark, date, contents, and custodial history.
Codex Mutinensis (GA 014) is a distinct physical witness to the material transmission and reception of Scripture, identified by its own shelfmark, date, contents, and custodial history.
A Latin pavement inscription near Corinth's theater says that an Erastus paved the area at his own expense in return for the aedileship; whether he was Paul's city official remains a valuable but unresolved question.
The stadiums, starting gates, temple, dining complex, baths, and inscriptions at Isthmia recover the athletic and religious world immediately beside Roman Corinth.
Excavations at Jaffa document the long-lived port known biblically as Joppa, including Egyptian, Iron Age, Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, and later occupation.
An ancient Jerusalem-style ossuary carries the consequential Aramaic line “James son of Joseph brother of Jesus,” but absent provenance and conflicting epigraphic and scientific assessments leave the antiquity of the complete inscription—and its New Testament identity—unresolved.
Excavation archives document the streets, houses, baths, mosaics, and cosmopolitan material culture of the city where believers were first called Christians.
Paired, sealed bronze diplomas gave named veterans authenticated copies of imperial grants of citizenship and lawful marriage, illuminating the legal world of Paul's citizenship claims without supplying his personal document.
Hierapolis's eastern hill preserves an octagonal martyrium, processional route, basilical church focused on an earlier tomb, and a dense Christian cemetery, demonstrating Byzantine veneration of Philip while leaving the tomb occupant's apostolic identity unproved.
A monumental late-Roman synagogue at Sardis documents a prosperous Jewish community in the city named among the seven churches of Revelation.
Three Greek inscriptions from Berenice in Cyrenaica record a Jewish politeuma, archons, civic honors, and named donors who financed synagogue repairs under Nero, providing direct first-century evidence for an organized North African diaspora community.
A converted house near Priene's western gate preserves a Torah niche, menorah reliefs, a donor mosaic, and ritual installations, documenting an organized Jewish community in Roman Asia centuries after the city's New Testament-era prominence.
An eighth-century Latin codex in Milan preserves a damaged list discussing accepted and disputed Christian writings. Often understood as a translation of a late-second-century Greek composition, it is major evidence for canon reception, though its original language, date, and setting remain debated.
A decorated Jerusalem ossuary names Nicanor the Alexandrian, “who made the gates,” preserving rare bilingual evidence for a wealthy diaspora family’s connection with the Temple city.
Successive synagogues beneath a later Christian basilica at Stobi, together with Polycharmos's long Greek dedication, preserve the architecture, patronage, offices, and changing religious landscape of a Jewish community in Roman Macedonia.
A vast first-century AD funerary estate north of Jerusalem is widely identified with the family tomb of Helena of Adiabene, a Mesopotamian queen who converted to Judaism. Architecture, Josephus, and an inscribed royal sarcophagus make a cumulative case, though the sarcophagus's precise owner remains debated.
Thyatira's inscriptions preserve an unusually varied world of occupational associations, giving concrete shape to Lydia's textile trade and the economic pressures behind Revelation without proving that every guild imposed the same cultic demands.
A Greek building inscription from late Second Temple-period Jerusalem names Theodotus, a priest and synagogue leader, and says his complex served Torah reading, instruction, lodging, and water needs for visitors from abroad.
Uncial 057: The Lame Man at the Beautiful Gate is the independently registered Greek New Testament witness GA 057, controlled by its manuscript number, present shelfmark, physical form, and surviving biblical contents.