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P27, P.Oxy. XI 1355 at Cambridge, is a third-century papyrus leaf preserving substantial portions of Romans 8–9, including Paul's assurance that nothing separates believers from God's love.
Papyrus P131 is a third-century Greek copy of Romans reconstructed from Oxyrhynchus fragments whose modern reunification exposed both early Pauline text and the importance of collection history.
Papyrus P118, Cologne inventory 10311, comprises four Greek papyrus fragments from a two-column codex preserving portions of Romans 15:26–27, 15:32–33, 16:1, 16:4–7, and 16:11–12; traditionally dated to the third century, its palaeographic date remains disputed.
Papyrus P31 is a seventh-century Greek papyrus fragment preserving Romans 12:3–8, now John Rylands Library Gr. P. 4. Its compact excerpt covers sober self-assessment, the many members of one body, and differing gifts, while its blank reverse has prompted competing proposals about liturgical or amuletic use.
A Greek parchment leaf preserving Romans 4:23-5:3 and 5:8-13. One of the earliest physical witnesses to Paul's teaching on justification, peace with God, and Christ's death for sinners.
Gregory-Aland P10 is a fourth-century Greek papyrus fragment of Romans 1:1–7, excavated from the Oxyrhynchus corpus and now preserved as Houghton Library MS Gr SM2218. Its surviving eleven-line column is direct material evidence that Paul's opening identification of himself, the gospel, Jesus Christ, and the Roman recipients was being copied in late-antique Egypt.
Codex Mosquensis I (GA 018) is a 9th century Greek parchment codex preserving Acts, the Catholic Epistles, and Paul’s letters with commentary.
P. Heid. Inv. G 645, Gregory-Aland P40, is a third-century Greek papyrus codex represented by ten fragments preserving substantial portions of Romans 1–4, 6, and 9.
Uncial 0209: Romans, Corinthians, and 2 Peter beneath a Lectionary is the independently registered Greek New Testament witness GA 0209, controlled by its manuscript number, present shelfmark, physical form, and surviving biblical contents.
Uncial 0221: Romans 5–6 on Adam, Grace, and Baptism is the independently registered Greek New Testament witness GA 0221, controlled by its manuscript number, present shelfmark, physical form, and surviving biblical contents.
A fourth-century Greek papyrus from Oxyrhynchus preserves portions of Didache 1–3, including teaching about the Two Ways, love of enemies, almsgiving, and moral discipline. It is an early material witness to Christian instruction, not a manuscript of the New Testament.
Uncial 0142: A Complete Apostolos with Commentary is a separately registered physical witness to the copying and reception of Acts 18:24–28; Romans 8:31–39; James 1:1–18, identified by its own GA number, shelfmark, date, layout, and custodial history.
A large underground Jewish cemetery in Rome with inscriptions, menorahs, and communal burial evidence. Materially documents the established Jewish communities of Rome that form the social background to Acts 28 and Paul's letter to Roman believers.
A Greek-Latin bilingual manuscript of Paul's letters, probably copied at Reichenau and now at Trinity College Cambridge. Preserves the Pauline corpus in paired Greek and Latin and documents the Western transmission of Paul's letters.
P61, P. Colt 5 from the Nessana excavations, is a late-seventh- or eighth-century Greek papyrus witness to portions of seven Pauline letters, including a damaged subscription to Titus.
Codex Angelicus (GA 020) is a distinct physical witness to the material transmission and reception of Scripture, identified by its own shelfmark, date, contents, and custodial history.
A compact Pauline codex with Latin equivalents written above the Greek words, held by the SLUB Dresden. Its unusual interlinear format and relationship with Augiensis and Claromontanus illuminate bilingual transmission of Paul's letters.
Codex Claromontanus is a Greek-Latin Pauline codex whose facing texts, many corrections, unusual placement of Hebrews, and later stichometric book list expose the practical and contested history of transmitting Paul's letters.
Minuscule 1739: An Important Acts and Epistles Witness is a distinct physical witness to the material transmission and reception of Scripture, identified by its own shelfmark, date, contents, and custodial history.
Excavation identifies the standing Mor Yakup building as the early fourth-century baptistery of a lost cathedral and episcopal complex in strategically important Nisibis.
A bronze sestertius of Emperor Nerva proclaims that the abuse or reproach of the Jewish tax had been removed. Issued in AD 96–97, the type is direct imperial evidence for the continuing fiscal consequences of Rome’s destruction of Jerusalem and Nerva’s public reform.
The synagogue at Rome’s port preserves a long-lived Jewish worship complex whose earliest phases reach into the first centuries of the Roman Empire.
Papyrus P99, Chester Beatty BP XXI / AC 1499, is a late-fifth-century Greek-Latin glossary on sixteen papyrus leaves that excerpted Pauline language, probably through a lost Christian source rather than a continuous Pauline codex.
Multi-level Jewish catacombs at Venosa preserve roughly eighty Greek, Latin, and Hebrew epitaphs, menorahs, family ties, and synagogue offices, revealing a confident late antique community in southern Italy.
Uncial 049: Acts and Epistles at Great Lavra is the independently registered Greek New Testament witness GA 049, controlled by its manuscript number, present shelfmark, physical form, and surviving biblical contents.