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Gregory-Aland P10 is a fourth-century Greek papyrus fragment of Romans 1:1–7, excavated from the Oxyrhynchus corpus and now preserved as Houghton Library MS Gr SM2218. Its surviving eleven-line column is direct material evidence that Paul's opening identification of himself, the gospel, Jesus Christ, and the Roman recipients was being copied in late-antique Egypt.
Papyrus P118, Cologne inventory 10311, comprises four Greek papyrus fragments from a two-column codex preserving portions of Romans 15:26–27, 15:32–33, 16:1, 16:4–7, and 16:11–12; traditionally dated to the third century, its palaeographic date remains disputed.
P27, P.Oxy. XI 1355 at Cambridge, is a third-century papyrus leaf preserving substantial portions of Romans 8–9, including Paul's assurance that nothing separates believers from God's love.
Uncial 0172: Romans 1–2 on a Fifth-Century Leaf is a separately registered physical witness to the copying and reception of Romans 1:27–32; Romans 2:1–2, identified by its own GA number, shelfmark, date, layout, and custodial history.
Papyrus P131 is a third-century Greek copy of Romans reconstructed from Oxyrhynchus fragments whose modern reunification exposed both early Pauline text and the importance of collection history.
Papyrus P113, P.Oxy. LXVI 4497, is a third-century Greek papyrus codex fragment from Oxyrhynchus preserving parts of Romans 2:12–13 and 2:29, juxtaposing judgment under the law with Paul's claim that true circumcision is inward and by the Spirit.
Papyrus P94, Cairo P. Cair. 10730, is a fifth- or sixth-century Greek papyrus codex fragment preserving parts of Romans 6:10–13 and 6:19–22.
Minuscule 1739: An Important Acts and Epistles Witness is a distinct physical witness to the material transmission and reception of Scripture, identified by its own shelfmark, date, contents, and custodial history.
P. Heid. Inv. G 645, Gregory-Aland P40, is a third-century Greek papyrus codex represented by ten fragments preserving substantial portions of Romans 1–4, 6, and 9.
A fourth-century Greek papyrus from Oxyrhynchus preserves portions of Didache 1–3, including teaching about the Two Ways, love of enemies, almsgiving, and moral discipline. It is an early material witness to Christian instruction, not a manuscript of the New Testament.
A bronze sestertius of Emperor Nerva proclaims that the abuse or reproach of the Jewish tax had been removed. Issued in AD 96–97, the type is direct imperial evidence for the continuing fiscal consequences of Rome’s destruction of Jerusalem and Nerva’s public reform.
Uncial 0142: A Complete Apostolos with Commentary is a separately registered physical witness to the copying and reception of Acts 18:24–28; Romans 8:31–39; James 1:1–18, identified by its own GA number, shelfmark, date, layout, and custodial history.
Augustus's victory city in Epirus preserves the urban scale, roads, harbor setting, monuments, and early Christian landscape of the Nicopolis most often linked to Titus 3:12—an identification historically plausible but not archaeologically proved.
The earliest surviving extensive codex of Paul's letters preserves eighty-six leaves, a distinctive order with Hebrews near the front, and enough missing final space to make claims about the Pastoral Epistles possible but unresolved.
A Greek-Latin bilingual manuscript of Paul's letters, probably copied at Reichenau and now at Trinity College Cambridge. Preserves the Pauline corpus in paired Greek and Latin and documents the Western transmission of Paul's letters.
Codex Claromontanus is a Greek-Latin Pauline codex whose facing texts, many corrections, unusual placement of Hebrews, and later stichometric book list expose the practical and contested history of transmitting Paul's letters.
Codex Mosquensis I (GA 018) is a 9th century Greek parchment codex preserving Acts, the Catholic Epistles, and Paul’s letters with commentary.
Ravenna's fifth-century cathedral baptistery preserves its octagonal shell, marble, stucco, font elements, and a dome program centered on Christ's baptism, the apostles, and the heavenly city, making initiation theology visible in an exceptionally complete late-antique interior.
The synagogue at Rome’s port preserves a long-lived Jewish worship complex whose earliest phases reach into the first centuries of the Roman Empire.
P61, P. Colt 5 from the Nessana excavations, is a late-seventh- or eighth-century Greek papyrus witness to portions of seven Pauline letters, including a damaged subscription to Titus.
A mud-brick basilica at ancient Aila, founded in the late third or early fourth century and abandoned after the AD 363 earthquake, is among the earliest excavated buildings apparently designed from the outset for Christian assembly.
Uncial 049: Acts and Epistles at Great Lavra is the independently registered Greek New Testament witness GA 049, controlled by its manuscript number, present shelfmark, physical form, and surviving biblical contents.
A large underground Jewish cemetery in Rome with inscriptions, menorahs, and communal burial evidence. Materially documents the established Jewish communities of Rome that form the social background to Acts 28 and Paul's letter to Roman believers.