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Papyrus P113, P.Oxy. LXVI 4497, is a third-century Greek papyrus codex fragment from Oxyrhynchus preserving parts of Romans 2:12–13 and 2:29, juxtaposing judgment under the law with Paul's claim that true circumcision is inward and by the Spirit.
Papyrus P118, Cologne inventory 10311, comprises four Greek papyrus fragments from a two-column codex preserving portions of Romans 15:26–27, 15:32–33, 16:1, 16:4–7, and 16:11–12; traditionally dated to the third century, its palaeographic date remains disputed.
A Greek parchment leaf preserving Romans 4:23-5:3 and 5:8-13. One of the earliest physical witnesses to Paul's teaching on justification, peace with God, and Christ's death for sinners.
P27, P.Oxy. XI 1355 at Cambridge, is a third-century papyrus leaf preserving substantial portions of Romans 8–9, including Paul's assurance that nothing separates believers from God's love.
Uncial 0209: Romans, Corinthians, and 2 Peter beneath a Lectionary is the independently registered Greek New Testament witness GA 0209, controlled by its manuscript number, present shelfmark, physical form, and surviving biblical contents.
A Greek-Latin bilingual manuscript of Paul's letters, probably copied at Reichenau and now at Trinity College Cambridge. Preserves the Pauline corpus in paired Greek and Latin and documents the Western transmission of Paul's letters.
A compact Pauline codex with Latin equivalents written above the Greek words, held by the SLUB Dresden. Its unusual interlinear format and relationship with Augiensis and Claromontanus illuminate bilingual transmission of Paul's letters.
Codex Mosquensis I (GA 018) is a 9th century Greek parchment codex preserving Acts, the Catholic Epistles, and Paul’s letters with commentary.
The Fragmenta Frisingensia are reused parchment leaves preserving Old Latin Pauline texts and later Latin material, offering rare physical evidence for epistle transmission and for the medieval recycling that accidentally saved it.
Minuscule 1739: An Important Acts and Epistles Witness is a distinct physical witness to the material transmission and reception of Scripture, identified by its own shelfmark, date, contents, and custodial history.
Multi-level Jewish catacombs at Venosa preserve roughly eighty Greek, Latin, and Hebrew epitaphs, menorahs, family ties, and synagogue offices, revealing a confident late antique community in southern Italy.
A large underground Jewish cemetery in Rome with inscriptions, menorahs, and communal burial evidence. Materially documents the established Jewish communities of Rome that form the social background to Acts 28 and Paul's letter to Roman believers.