Searching the library…
Find a question, phrase, person, place, doctrine, Scripture reference, sermon transcript, archaeological discovery, or prophecy across the public library.
Gregory-Aland P10 is a fourth-century Greek papyrus fragment of Romans 1:1–7, excavated from the Oxyrhynchus corpus and now preserved as Houghton Library MS Gr SM2218. Its surviving eleven-line column is direct material evidence that Paul's opening identification of himself, the gospel, Jesus Christ, and the Roman recipients was being copied in late-antique Egypt.
Papyrus P118, Cologne inventory 10311, comprises four Greek papyrus fragments from a two-column codex preserving portions of Romans 15:26–27, 15:32–33, 16:1, 16:4–7, and 16:11–12; traditionally dated to the third century, its palaeographic date remains disputed.
Gregory-Aland P26, P.Oxy. XI 1354, is the Bridwell Library's papyrus fragment of Romans 1:1–16. Dated around the sixth or seventh century, it preserves most of Paul's extended opening and the declaration that the gospel is God's power for salvation, offering a later independent witness alongside the earlier P10 fragment.
Papyrus P31 is a seventh-century Greek papyrus fragment preserving Romans 12:3–8, now John Rylands Library Gr. P. 4. Its compact excerpt covers sober self-assessment, the many members of one body, and differing gifts, while its blank reverse has prompted competing proposals about liturgical or amuletic use.
P. Heid. Inv. G 645, Gregory-Aland P40, is a third-century Greek papyrus codex represented by ten fragments preserving substantial portions of Romans 1–4, 6, and 9.
Uncial 0172: Romans 1–2 on a Fifth-Century Leaf is a separately registered physical witness to the copying and reception of Romans 1:27–32; Romans 2:1–2, identified by its own GA number, shelfmark, date, layout, and custodial history.
Papyrus P113, P.Oxy. LXVI 4497, is a third-century Greek papyrus codex fragment from Oxyrhynchus preserving parts of Romans 2:12–13 and 2:29, juxtaposing judgment under the law with Paul's claim that true circumcision is inward and by the Spirit.
Papyrus P131 is a third-century Greek copy of Romans reconstructed from Oxyrhynchus fragments whose modern reunification exposed both early Pauline text and the importance of collection history.
Uncial 0221: Romans 5–6 on Adam, Grace, and Baptism is the independently registered Greek New Testament witness GA 0221, controlled by its manuscript number, present shelfmark, physical form, and surviving biblical contents.
A Greek parchment leaf preserving Romans 4:23-5:3 and 5:8-13. One of the earliest physical witnesses to Paul's teaching on justification, peace with God, and Christ's death for sinners.
P27, P.Oxy. XI 1355 at Cambridge, is a third-century papyrus leaf preserving substantial portions of Romans 8–9, including Paul's assurance that nothing separates believers from God's love.
Papyrus P94, Cairo P. Cair. 10730, is a fifth- or sixth-century Greek papyrus codex fragment preserving parts of Romans 6:10–13 and 6:19–22.
Uncial 0142: A Complete Apostolos with Commentary is a separately registered physical witness to the copying and reception of Acts 18:24–28; Romans 8:31–39; James 1:1–18, identified by its own GA number, shelfmark, date, layout, and custodial history.
Codex Mosquensis I (GA 018) is a 9th century Greek parchment codex preserving Acts, the Catholic Epistles, and Paul’s letters with commentary.
Minuscule 1739: An Important Acts and Epistles Witness is a distinct physical witness to the material transmission and reception of Scripture, identified by its own shelfmark, date, contents, and custodial history.
A fourth-century Greek papyrus from Oxyrhynchus preserves portions of Didache 1–3, including teaching about the Two Ways, love of enemies, almsgiving, and moral discipline. It is an early material witness to Christian instruction, not a manuscript of the New Testament.
P61, P. Colt 5 from the Nessana excavations, is a late-seventh- or eighth-century Greek papyrus witness to portions of seven Pauline letters, including a damaged subscription to Titus.
Uncial 0209: Romans, Corinthians, and 2 Peter beneath a Lectionary is the independently registered Greek New Testament witness GA 0209, controlled by its manuscript number, present shelfmark, physical form, and surviving biblical contents.
Excavated quays, moles, warehouses, waterfront buildings, roads, cemeteries, and submerged structures establish Cenchreae as Roman Corinth’s eastern maritime gateway and the concrete setting of Phoebe’s church in Romans 16.
Augustus's victory city in Epirus preserves the urban scale, roads, harbor setting, monuments, and early Christian landscape of the Nicopolis most often linked to Titus 3:12—an identification historically plausible but not archaeologically proved.
Papyrus P99, Chester Beatty BP XXI / AC 1499, is a late-fifth-century Greek-Latin glossary on sixteen papyrus leaves that excerpted Pauline language, probably through a lost Christian source rather than a continuous Pauline codex.
Excavation identifies the standing Mor Yakup building as the early fourth-century baptistery of a lost cathedral and episcopal complex in strategically important Nisibis.
The earliest surviving extensive codex of Paul's letters preserves eighty-six leaves, a distinctive order with Hebrews near the front, and enough missing final space to make claims about the Pastoral Epistles possible but unresolved.
Codex Angelicus (GA 020) is a distinct physical witness to the material transmission and reception of Scripture, identified by its own shelfmark, date, contents, and custodial history.
A Greek-Latin bilingual manuscript of Paul's letters, probably copied at Reichenau and now at Trinity College Cambridge. Preserves the Pauline corpus in paired Greek and Latin and documents the Western transmission of Paul's letters.
A compact Pauline codex with Latin equivalents written above the Greek words, held by the SLUB Dresden. Its unusual interlinear format and relationship with Augiensis and Claromontanus illuminate bilingual transmission of Paul's letters.
Codex Claromontanus is a Greek-Latin Pauline codex whose facing texts, many corrections, unusual placement of Hebrews, and later stichometric book list expose the practical and contested history of transmitting Paul's letters.
At Zadar, Christians reused the Roman forum’s northern edge for a fourth- to sixth-century cathedral complex with catechumeneion, mosaics, episcopal residence, and a hexagonal baptistery.
A Latin pavement inscription near Corinth's theater says that an Erastus paved the area at his own expense in return for the aedileship; whether he was Paul's city official remains a valuable but unresolved question.
The Fragmenta Frisingensia are reused parchment leaves preserving Old Latin Pauline texts and later Latin material, offering rare physical evidence for epistle transmission and for the medieval recycling that accidentally saved it.
Ravenna's fifth-century cathedral baptistery preserves its octagonal shell, marble, stucco, font elements, and a dome program centered on Christ's baptism, the apostles, and the heavenly city, making initiation theology visible in an exceptionally complete late-antique interior.
A bronze sestertius of Emperor Nerva proclaims that the abuse or reproach of the Jewish tax had been removed. Issued in AD 96–97, the type is direct imperial evidence for the continuing fiscal consequences of Rome’s destruction of Jerusalem and Nerva’s public reform.
The synagogue at Rome’s port preserves a long-lived Jewish worship complex whose earliest phases reach into the first centuries of the Roman Empire.
The rubbish mounds of Oxyrhynchus yielded many fragmentary New Testament codices within an immense archive of ordinary writing, giving text critics excavated witnesses to several biblical books while requiring every fragment to be dated and evaluated on its own.
A mud-brick basilica at ancient Aila, founded in the late third or early fourth century and abandoned after the AD 363 earthquake, is among the earliest excavated buildings apparently designed from the outset for Christian assembly.
Multi-level Jewish catacombs at Venosa preserve roughly eighty Greek, Latin, and Hebrew epitaphs, menorahs, family ties, and synagogue offices, revealing a confident late antique community in southern Italy.
A room above an older cult chamber in the fourth-century Lullingstone villa carried Chi-Rho monograms and praying figures, providing Roman Britain's clearest archaeological example of Christian worship established within an elite household complex.
Uncial 049: Acts and Epistles at Great Lavra is the independently registered Greek New Testament witness GA 049, controlled by its manuscript number, present shelfmark, physical form, and surviving biblical contents.
A large underground Jewish cemetery in Rome with inscriptions, menorahs, and communal burial evidence. Materially documents the established Jewish communities of Rome that form the social background to Acts 28 and Paul's letter to Roman believers.