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Isaiah and Malachi announce a messenger who prepares the Lord’s way. The Gospels identify John the Baptist with that messenger, while Josephus independently describes John’s public teaching, baptism, following, imprisonment, and death under Herod Antipas.
Zechariah describes Jerusalem looking upon one who was pierced and mourning. John explicitly applies the passage to Jesus’ death; external evidence supports execution under Pilate and the reality of piercing in Roman crucifixion, not the Gospel’s spear wound itself.
Zechariah promises an opened fountain for the house of David and Jerusalem to cleanse sin and uncleanness.
Moses promises that God will raise up another prophet from Israel whose words must be heard.
Exodus institutes Passover: an unblemished lamb, a protective meal, and deliverance from death and slavery.
Psalm 69 says the afflicted righteous sufferer receives gall for food and vinegar in thirst.
Psalm 34 portrays God preserving the righteous sufferer even through many afflictions.
Isaiah calls the dead to awake and sing, portraying the earth giving birth to its dead.
Job confesses that his Redeemer lives and expresses hope that beyond death he will see God for himself.
Psalm 22 depicts an afflicted, mocked sufferer whose garments are divided. Watchman 33 sees the passion narratives reflecting the psalm; Roman execution and nailing are historically documented, while the famous hands-and-feet wording is textually disputed.
Isaiah portrays a rejected servant who suffers, bears sin, and is cut off. Watchman 33 identifies the servant with Jesus; a pre-Christian Isaiah manuscript and independent evidence for execution under Pilate anchor the setting, while the redemptive meaning remains theological.