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Ephesus's inscriptions independently attest Asiarchs and the city's prized neokoros, or temple-warden, status, confirming Acts 19's precise civic vocabulary without identifying Paul's unnamed friends or the town clerk.
Michigan Papyrus 1571, or P38, is a three-piece leaf from about AD 300 preserving Acts 18:27–19:6 and 19:12–16 in a distinctive text closely related at points to Codex Bezae.
P56, Vienna Pap. G. 19918 and 19927, is a fifth- or sixth-century Greek papyrus codex fragment preserving Acts 1:1, 4–5, 7, and 10–11, including the ascension commission and promise of Jesus' return.
Codex Glazier is a remarkably intact late-fourth- or fifth-century parchment book of Acts 1:1–15:3 in Middle Egyptian Coptic, retaining early binding structures and a full-page cross image.
Gregory-Aland P41 is an eighth-century bilingual papyrus codex in Vienna whose eleven fragments preserve Greek and Sahidic Coptic portions of Acts 17–22.
Papyrus Bodmer XVII, Gregory-Aland P74, is a seventh-century Greek papyrus codex preserving almost all of Acts and important fragments of James, Peter, John, and Jude.
Uncial 0166: Acts and James on Opposite Sides of One Fragment is a separately registered physical witness to the copying and reception of Acts 28:30–31; James 1:11–11, identified by its own GA number, shelfmark, date, layout, and custodial history.
A papyrus copy of Claudius' AD 41 letter confronts Greek-Jewish violence in Alexandria and reveals how the emperor negotiated citizenship, communal privilege, migration, and public order.
Ephesus preserves the vast theater named in Acts 19 and the excavated Artemision whose cult, civic prestige, and economy explain why challenges to Artemis devotion could provoke public alarm.
Codex Bezae is an exceptional Greek-Latin Gospel and Acts manuscript around AD 400 whose striking readings, facing-page bilingual design, corrections, and damaged leaves document a distinctive stream of early Christian textual transmission.
Philippi's forum, monumental civic core, and judicial installations reveal the colonial setting in which Acts places Paul and Silas before magistrates, although the surviving bema cannot be identified as the exact platform used in their hearing.
Assyrian annals, palace reliefs, and destruction evidence document Sennacherib's 701 BC invasion of Judah from the conqueror's side, naming Hezekiah, depicting Lachish's fall, and describing Jerusalem blockaded but not captured.
Augustus's victory city in Epirus preserves the urban scale, roads, harbor setting, monuments, and early Christian landscape of the Nicopolis most often linked to Titus 3:12—an identification historically plausible but not archaeologically proved.
A long Roman civic hall near Ephesus's harbor was repeatedly transformed into a cathedral, baptistery complex, and smaller church, preserving the city's late-antique Christian prominence while leaving the exact meeting place of the Council of Ephesus debated.
Codex Mutinensis (GA 014) is a distinct physical witness to the material transmission and reception of Scripture, identified by its own shelfmark, date, contents, and custodial history.
A Latin pavement inscription near Corinth's theater says that an Erastus paved the area at his own expense in return for the aedileship; whether he was Paul's city official remains a valuable but unresolved question.
An ancient Jerusalem-style ossuary carries the consequential Aramaic line “James son of Joseph brother of Jesus,” but absent provenance and conflicting epigraphic and scientific assessments leave the antiquity of the complete inscription—and its New Testament identity—unresolved.
Excavation archives document the streets, houses, baths, mosaics, and cosmopolitan material culture of the city where believers were first called Christians.
A monumental late-Roman synagogue at Sardis documents a prosperous Jewish community in the city named among the seven churches of Revelation.
Three Greek inscriptions from Berenice in Cyrenaica record a Jewish politeuma, archons, civic honors, and named donors who financed synagogue repairs under Nero, providing direct first-century evidence for an organized North African diaspora community.
A converted house near Priene's western gate preserves a Torah niche, menorah reliefs, a donor mosaic, and ritual installations, documenting an organized Jewish community in Roman Asia centuries after the city's New Testament-era prominence.
An eighth-century Latin codex in Milan preserves a damaged list discussing accepted and disputed Christian writings. Often understood as a translation of a late-second-century Greek composition, it is major evidence for canon reception, though its original language, date, and setting remain debated.