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P.Oxy. LXXII 4845, Gregory-Aland P124, is a sixth-century papyrus codex fragment preserving Paul’s appeal against rival preaching and his defense of preaching without financial burden to Corinth.
Papyrus P34 is a seventh-century Greek papyrus fragment from a Pauline manuscript, held in Vienna as P.Vindob. G 39784. It preserves 1 Corinthians 16:4–7, 10 and 2 Corinthians 5:18–21; 10:13–14; 11:2, 4, 6–7, joining practical travel instructions, reconciliation theology, and Paul's contested ministry.
Russian National Library Gr. 258B, Gregory-Aland P68, is a sixth- or seventh-century papyrus fragment preserving parts of 1 Corinthians 4:12–17, 19–21 and 5:1–3.
Papyrus P11 is a highly fragmented sixth-century Greek codex in Saint Petersburg preserving portions of 1 Corinthians 1-7, an unusually broad but broken witness to Paul's teaching on the cross, church conflict, holiness, and marriage.
Uncial 0185: An Early Leaf of 1 Corinthians 2–3 is a separately registered physical witness to the copying and reception of 1 Corinthians 2:5–13; 1 Corinthians 3:2–3, identified by its own GA number, shelfmark, date, layout, and custodial history.
Uncial 0186 and 0224: Fragments of 2 Corinthians 4 is a separately registered physical witness to the copying and reception of 2 Corinthians 4:5–13, identified by its own GA number, shelfmark, date, layout, and custodial history.
Uncial 0209: Romans, Corinthians, and 2 Peter beneath a Lectionary is the independently registered Greek New Testament witness GA 0209, controlled by its manuscript number, present shelfmark, physical form, and surviving biblical contents.
Uncial 098: A Grottaferrata Fragment of 2 Corinthians is the independently registered Greek New Testament witness GA 098, controlled by its manuscript number, present shelfmark, physical form, and surviving biblical contents.
P61, P. Colt 5 from the Nessana excavations, is a late-seventh- or eighth-century Greek papyrus witness to portions of seven Pauline letters, including a damaged subscription to Titus.
Codex Mosquensis I (GA 018) is a 9th century Greek parchment codex preserving Acts, the Catholic Epistles, and Paul’s letters with commentary.
Papyrus P99, Chester Beatty BP XXI / AC 1499, is a late-fifth-century Greek-Latin glossary on sixteen papyrus leaves that excerpted Pauline language, probably through a lost Christian source rather than a continuous Pauline codex.
Ephesus preserves the vast theater named in Acts 19 and the excavated Artemision whose cult, civic prestige, and economy explain why challenges to Artemis devotion could provoke public alarm.
Fragments of an imperial letter from Delphi name Gallio as proconsul of Achaia. Because Claudius's titulature dates the letter closely, the inscription supplies the strongest external chronological anchor for Paul's Corinthian ministry in Acts 18 without mentioning Paul or the hearing itself.
Dated Nabataean silver and bronze issues name and portray Aretas IV, securely establishing the long-reigning king whom Paul names while leaving the scope of his ethnarch's authority in Damascus unresolved.
A Greek-Latin bilingual manuscript of Paul's letters, probably copied at Reichenau and now at Trinity College Cambridge. Preserves the Pauline corpus in paired Greek and Latin and documents the Western transmission of Paul's letters.
The earliest surviving extensive codex of Paul's letters preserves eighty-six leaves, a distinctive order with Hebrews near the front, and enough missing final space to make claims about the Pastoral Epistles possible but unresolved.
Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus preserves a fifth-century Greek Bible beneath a twelfth-century collection of Ephrem's works, making its erased, fragmentary undertext both a major New Testament witness and a case study in manuscript reuse.
Fragments of a Greek Christian epitaph from Hieropolis in Phrygia, now in the Vatican Museums. An exceptionally early material witness to Christian travel, church identity, baptismal and fish imagery, and language often read eucharistically.
The stadiums, starting gates, temple, dining complex, baths, and inscriptions at Isthmia recover the athletic and religious world immediately beside Roman Corinth.
A Greek metrical funerary inscription from the Saint-Pierre-l'Estrier cemetery at Autun, preserved in the Musée Rolin. A direct archaeological witness to Christian fish symbolism, baptismal language, communion imagery, and prayer for the dead in Roman Gaul.