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Papyrus P118, Cologne inventory 10311, comprises four Greek papyrus fragments from a two-column codex preserving portions of Romans 15:26–27, 15:32–33, 16:1, 16:4–7, and 16:11–12; traditionally dated to the third century, its palaeographic date remains disputed.
Gregory-Aland P26, P.Oxy. XI 1354, is the Bridwell Library's papyrus fragment of Romans 1:1–16. Dated around the sixth or seventh century, it preserves most of Paul's extended opening and the declaration that the gospel is God's power for salvation, offering a later independent witness alongside the earlier P10 fragment.
P. Heid. Inv. G 645, Gregory-Aland P40, is a third-century Greek papyrus codex represented by ten fragments preserving substantial portions of Romans 1–4, 6, and 9.
Uncial 0221: Romans 5–6 on Adam, Grace, and Baptism is the independently registered Greek New Testament witness GA 0221, controlled by its manuscript number, present shelfmark, physical form, and surviving biblical contents.
Excavated quays, moles, warehouses, waterfront buildings, roads, cemeteries, and submerged structures establish Cenchreae as Roman Corinth’s eastern maritime gateway and the concrete setting of Phoebe’s church in Romans 16.
A Latin pavement inscription near Corinth's theater says that an Erastus paved the area at his own expense in return for the aedileship; whether he was Paul's city official remains a valuable but unresolved question.
The synagogue at Rome’s port preserves a long-lived Jewish worship complex whose earliest phases reach into the first centuries of the Roman Empire.
P61, P. Colt 5 from the Nessana excavations, is a late-seventh- or eighth-century Greek papyrus witness to portions of seven Pauline letters, including a damaged subscription to Titus.
A mud-brick basilica at ancient Aila, founded in the late third or early fourth century and abandoned after the AD 363 earthquake, is among the earliest excavated buildings apparently designed from the outset for Christian assembly.
Multi-level Jewish catacombs at Venosa preserve roughly eighty Greek, Latin, and Hebrew epitaphs, menorahs, family ties, and synagogue offices, revealing a confident late antique community in southern Italy.
A room above an older cult chamber in the fourth-century Lullingstone villa carried Chi-Rho monograms and praying figures, providing Roman Britain's clearest archaeological example of Christian worship established within an elite household complex.
A large underground Jewish cemetery in Rome with inscriptions, menorahs, and communal burial evidence. Materially documents the established Jewish communities of Rome that form the social background to Acts 28 and Paul's letter to Roman believers.