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Fragments of 4Q57 preserve portions from across Isaiah, notably material from Isaiah 52:10–53:8 in the servant passage.
The second Isaiah manuscript from Qumran Cave 1 preserves substantial fragments across the book and provides an independent Hebrew witness distinct from the nearly complete Great Isaiah Scroll.
4QIsaiahᵇ is a wide-ranging but discontinuous Cave 4 copy preserving passages from Isaiah 1 through 66, including servant and anointed-proclamation texts, and must not be confused with either Isaiah manuscript from Cave 1.
A late Second Temple Isaiah manuscript preserves broad portions of chapters 45–58, including Zion's restoration, the servant passage, and calls to justice.
The Great Isaiah Scroll is an almost complete Hebrew copy of Isaiah from about 125 BC. Its fifty-four columns preserve all sixty-six chapters and let readers compare a Second Temple-period biblical manuscript directly with the later Masoretic tradition.
A 533-meter water tunnel beneath ancient Jerusalem and a Hebrew inscription describing its breakthrough illuminate the extraordinary engineering behind the city's Iron Age water supply. Scientific dating fits Hezekiah's era, while the anonymous text prevents naming the king with absolute certainty.
Cyrus's Babylonian foundation inscription recounts his conquest of Babylon, legitimizes his rule through Marduk, and describes restoring cult images and displaced communities. It illuminates the imperial policy behind Ezra's return narrative but never names Judah, Jerusalem, or the Jerusalem temple.
A monumental relief and cuneiform inscription of the Babylonian king Nabonidus carved above Sela provide direct evidence of Neo-Babylonian activity deep within Edomite territory.
The tenth-century Aleppo Codex is the most authoritative surviving manuscript of the Ben Asher Masoretic tradition, although roughly a third of its once-complete Hebrew Bible has been missing since the 1947 Aleppo riots.
The Cairo Codex preserves the Former and Latter Prophets with Tiberian vocalization and Masora, but scientific and codicological study has challenged its colophon's traditional AD 895 attribution to Moses ben Asher in favor of an eleventh-century date.
A Greek parchment codex of the Prophets with extensive marginal signs and textual annotations, held by the Vatican Library. A major witness to the Septuagint Prophets and to the scholarly comparison of Greek textual forms associated with Origen's Hexapla.
Copied by Samuel ben Jacob in Cairo in AD 1008-1009, the Leningrad Codex is the oldest complete dated manuscript of the Hebrew Bible in the Tiberian Masoretic tradition and the base witness for major modern scholarly editions.