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Russian National Library Gr. 258B, Gregory-Aland P68, is a sixth- or seventh-century papyrus fragment preserving parts of 1 Corinthians 4:12–17, 19–21 and 5:1–3.
Papyrus P14 consists of seven reused binding fragments at Saint Catherine's Monastery that preserve portions of 1 Corinthians 1–3 and offer a rare, physically complicated witness to Pauline copying around the sixth century.
P.Oxy. VII 1008, Gregory-Aland P15, is a third-century papyrus codex leaf from Oxyrhynchus preserving 1 Corinthians 7:18–8:4 and illuminating both early Pauline transmission and the debated relationship between P15 and P16.
Papyrus P34 is a seventh-century Greek papyrus fragment from a Pauline manuscript, held in Vienna as P.Vindob. G 39784. It preserves 1 Corinthians 16:4–7, 10 and 2 Corinthians 5:18–21; 10:13–14; 11:2, 4, 6–7, joining practical travel instructions, reconciliation theology, and Paul's contested ministry.
Uncial 0186 and 0224: Fragments of 2 Corinthians 4 is a separately registered physical witness to the copying and reception of 2 Corinthians 4:5–13, identified by its own GA number, shelfmark, date, layout, and custodial history.
P.Oxy. LXXII 4844, Gregory-Aland P123, is a fourth-century papyrus leaf fragment preserving Paul’s instructions about orderly prophecy and part of his received tradition concerning Jesus’ death, burial, resurrection, and appearances.
P.Oxy. LXXII 4845, Gregory-Aland P124, is a sixth-century papyrus codex fragment preserving Paul’s appeal against rival preaching and his defense of preaching without financial burden to Corinth.
Papyrus P117, Hamburg inventory NS 1002, is a fourth- or fifth-century Greek papyrus codex fragment preserving parts of 2 Corinthians 7:6–11, Paul's account of Titus' arrival, the Corinthians' grief, and the distinction between godly and worldly sorrow.
Papyrus P11 is a highly fragmented sixth-century Greek codex in Saint Petersburg preserving portions of 1 Corinthians 1-7, an unusually broad but broken witness to Paul's teaching on the cross, church conflict, holiness, and marriage.
P61, P. Colt 5 from the Nessana excavations, is a late-seventh- or eighth-century Greek papyrus witness to portions of seven Pauline letters, including a damaged subscription to Titus.
Uncial 0209: Romans, Corinthians, and 2 Peter beneath a Lectionary is the independently registered Greek New Testament witness GA 0209, controlled by its manuscript number, present shelfmark, physical form, and surviving biblical contents.
The earliest surviving extensive codex of Paul's letters preserves eighty-six leaves, a distinctive order with Hebrews near the front, and enough missing final space to make claims about the Pastoral Epistles possible but unresolved.
Papyrus P99, Chester Beatty BP XXI / AC 1499, is a late-fifth-century Greek-Latin glossary on sixteen papyrus leaves that excerpted Pauline language, probably through a lost Christian source rather than a continuous Pauline codex.
Ephesus preserves the vast theater named in Acts 19 and the excavated Artemision whose cult, civic prestige, and economy explain why challenges to Artemis devotion could provoke public alarm.
A Greek metrical funerary inscription from the Saint-Pierre-l'Estrier cemetery at Autun, preserved in the Musée Rolin. A direct archaeological witness to Christian fish symbolism, baptismal language, communion imagery, and prayer for the dead in Roman Gaul.
Dated Nabataean silver and bronze issues name and portray Aretas IV, securely establishing the long-reigning king whom Paul names while leaving the scope of his ethnarch's authority in Damascus unresolved.
A fragmentary Greek marble lintel from Corinth preserves the words “[Syna]gogue of the Hebrews,” independently attesting a Jewish congregation in the city.
Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus preserves a fifth-century Greek Bible beneath a twelfth-century collection of Ephrem's works, making its erased, fragmentary undertext both a major New Testament witness and a case study in manuscript reuse.
Corinth's healing sanctuary, dining rooms, springs, and terracotta body-part offerings reveal how illness, healing, social status, and the human body were publicly represented in Paul's city.
The Fragmenta Frisingensia are reused parchment leaves preserving Old Latin Pauline texts and later Latin material, offering rare physical evidence for epistle transmission and for the medieval recycling that accidentally saved it.
Fragments of a Greek Christian epitaph from Hieropolis in Phrygia, now in the Vatican Museums. An exceptionally early material witness to Christian travel, church identity, baptismal and fish imagery, and language often read eucharistically.
The stadiums, starting gates, temple, dining complex, baths, and inscriptions at Isthmia recover the athletic and religious world immediately beside Roman Corinth.